References

Ackery, P.R. and R.I. Vane-Wright, 1984. Milkweed butterflies. British Museum (Natural History), London. [Amazon Link]

Adam, J.-P., and F. le Pont, 1974. Les chiroptères cavernicoles de la république populaire du Congo. Notes bioécologiques et parasitologiques. Annls Spéléol. 29(1): 143–154. [Link]

Alcala, A.C., 1976. Philippine land vertebrates. New Day Publishers, Quezon City, Philippines. [Amazon Link]

Allen, G.M., 1939. Bats. (Reprint ed. 1962) Dover, New York.

Allen, G.M., and A. Loveridge, 1927. Mammals from the Uluguru and Usambara Mountains, Tanganyika Territory. Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 38(9): 413–441.

Amerson, A.B., Jr., W.A. Whistler, and T.D. Schwaner, 1982. Wildlife and wildlife habitat of American Samoa, II. Accounts of flora and fauna. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. [Amazon Link]

Anciaux de Faveaux, M., 1972. Répartition biogeographique et cycles annuels des chiroptères d'Afrique Centrale, I, II. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Paris.

Anciaux de Faveaux, M., 1978. Définition de l'Équateur biologique en fonction de la réproduction de Chiroptères d'Afrique Centrale. Annls Soc. r. zool. Belg. 107(1–2): 79–89.

Andersen, K., 1908. Twenty new forms of Pteropus. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 2: 361–370.

Andersen, K., 1912. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collections of the British Museum, 2nd. edition. I. Megachiroptera. British Museum (Natural History), London.

Anderson, B.W., and R.D. Ohmart, 1981. Comparisons of avian census results using variable distance transect and variable circular plot techniques. In: Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds (eds. Ralph, C.J., and J.M. Scott), pp. 186–192. Studies in Avian Biology No. 6. Cooper Ornithological Society.

Andrews, C.W., 1900. A monograph of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). British Museum (Natural History), London.

Andrews, C.W., 1909. On the fauna of Christmas Island. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1909: 101–103.

Anon., 1983. Aerial electric fence system thwarts flying fox problem. Qld. Country Life 14 April 1983.

Anon., 1988a. Ibises in the “Obó”. Wld Birdwatch 10(3–4): 5.

Anon., 1988b. In praise of fried fruit bat. Pacif. Isl. Monthly February 1988.

Anon., 1988c. Memorable meals and magic moments. Pacif. Panor. Winter, 1988: 21–24.

Ansell, W.F.H., 1960. Some fruit bats from Northern Rhodesia, with the description of a new race of Epomophorus gambianus Ogilby. Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 61: 160–166.

Ansell, W.F.H., 1974. Some mammals from Zambia and adjacent countries. Puku, Suppl. 1: 1–48. [Amazon Link]

Armstrong, J.A., 1979. Biotic pollination mechanisms in the Australian flora: a review. N.Z. Jl Bot. 17: 467–508. [Link]

Asdell, S.A., 1964. Patterns of mammalian reproduction. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. [Amazon Link]

Ash, J., 1987. Demography, dispersal and production of Pandanus tectorius (Pandanaceae) in Fiji. Aust. J. Bot. 35: 313–330.[CrossRef]

Aston, H.I., 1987. Influx of the grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in the Melbourne area, Victoria, in 1986. Victoria Nat. 104: 9–13.

Ayensu, E.S., 1974. Plant and bat interactions in West Africa. Ann. Mo. bot. Gdn. 61: 702–727.

Baker, H.G., 1951. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and distribution. Univ. Kans. Publs Mus. nat. Hist. 3: 1–359. [Amazon Link]

Baker, H.G., and B.J. Harris, 1957. The pollination of Parkia by bats and its attendant evolutionary problems. Evolution. 11: 449–460.[CrossRef]

Baker, H.G., and B.J. Harris, 1959. Bat-pollination of the silk-cotton tree, Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn (Sensu lato) in Ghana. Jl W. Afr. Sci. Ass. 5: 1–9.

Baker, J.R., and Z. Baker, 1936. The seasons in a tropical rain- forest (New Hebrides). Part 3. Fruit-bats (Pteropidae). J. Linn. Soc., Zool. 40: 123–141.

Baker, R.H., 1948. Comments on conservation problems in Micronesia. In: Conservation in Micronesia (ed. H.J. Coolidge), pp. 53–55. National Research Council, Washington, DC.

Baker, R.J., M.J. Novacek, and N.B. Simmons, 1991. On the monophyly of bats. Syst. Zool. 40(2): 216–231. [CrossRef]

Balfour, J.B., 1879. [The collections from Rodrigues] Botany. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 168: 302–387.

Baranga, J., 1978. Splenic weights and their possible relationships to adreno-cortical function in a wild population of Rousettus aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 16(1): 49–58.

Baranga, J., 1980. The adrenal weight changes of a tropical fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy. Z. Säugetierk. 45(6): 321–336.

Baranga, J. and B. Kiregyera, 1982. Estimation of fruit bat population in the Kampala bat valley, Uganda. Afr. J. Ecol. 20: 223–229.

Bartholomew, G.A., W.R. Dawson, and R.C. Lasiewski, 1970. Thermoregulation and heterothermy in some of the smaller flying foxes (Megachiroptera) of New Guinea. Z. vergl. Physiol. 70: 196–209.[CrossRef]

Bate, D., 1903. The mammals of Cyprus. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1903 (ii): 341–348.

Beck, A.J., and B.L. Lim, 1973. Reproductive biology of Eonycteris spelaea, Dobson (Megachiroptera) in West Malaysia. Acta Trop. 30: 251–260.

Bergmans, W., 1975a. On the differences between sympatric Epomops franqueti (Tomes, 1860) and Epomops buettikoferi (Matschie, 1899), with additional notes on the latter species (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). Beaufortia 23(304): 141–152.

Bergmans, W., 1975b. A new species of Dobsonia Palmer 1898 (Mammalia: Megachiroptera) from Waigeo, with notes on other members of the genus. Beaufortia 23(295): 1–13.

Bergmans, W., 1977. Notes on new material of Rousettus madagascariensis Grandidier, 1929 (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). Mammalia 41(1): 67–74.

Bergmans, W., 1978a. Rediscovery of Epomophorus pousarguesi Trouessart, 1904 in the Central African Empire (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). J. nat. Hist. 12(6): 681–687.[CrossRef]

Bergmans, W., 1978b. Review of drinking behaviour of African fruit bats (Mammalia: Megachiroptera). Bull. Carnegie Mus. nat. Hist. 6: 20–25.

Bergmans, W., 1978c. On Dobsonia Palmer 1898 from the Lesser Sunda Islands (Mammalia: Megachiroptera). Senckenberg. biol. 59(1/2): 1–18.

Bergmans, W., 1979. Taxonomy and zoogeography of the fruit bats of the People's Republic of Congo, with notes on their reproductive biology (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). Bijdr. Dierk. 48(2): 161–186.

Bergmans, W., 1980. A new fruit bat of the genus Myonycteris Matschie, 1899, from eastern Kenya and Tanzania. Zool. Meded. Leiden 55: 171–181.

Bergmans, W., 1988. Taxonomy and biogeography of African fruit bats (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). 1. General introduction; material and methods; results: the genus Epomophorus Bennett, 1836. Beaufortia 38(5): 75–146.

Bergmans, W., 1989. Taxonomy and biogeography of African fruit bats (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). 2. The genera Micropteropus Matschie, 1899, Epomops Gray, 1870, Hypsignathus H.Allen, 1861, Nanonycteris Matschie, 1899, and Plerotes Andersen, 1910. Beaufortia. 39(4): 89–153.

Bergmans, W., 1990. Taxonomy and biogeography of African fruit bats (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). 3. The genera Scotonycteris Matschie, 1894, Casinycteris Thomas, 1910, Pteropus Brisson, 1762, and Eidolon, Rafinesque, 1815. Beaufortia. 40(7): 111–177.

Bergmans, W., and P.J.H. van Bree, 1972. The taxonomy of the African bat Megaloglossus woermanni Pagenstecher, 1885 (Megachiroptera, Macroglossinae). Biologia gabon. 3–4: 291–299.

Bergmans, W., and F.G. Rozendaal, 1988. Notes on collections of fruit bats from Sulawesi and some off-lying islands (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). Zool. Verh. Leiden. 248: 5–74. [Amazon Link]

Bhat, J.R., 1942. The mating of flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus). J.Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 43: 514–516.

Bhat, H.R., M.A. Sreenivasan, and P.G. Jacob, 1980. Breeding cycle of Eonycteris spelaea (Dobson, 1871) (Chiroptera, Pteropidae, Macroglossinae) in India. Mammalia 40: 343–347.

Bibby, C.J., B.N. Phillips, and A.J.E. Seddon, 1985. Birds of restocked conifer plantations in Wales. J. appl. Ecol. 22: 619–633.[CrossRef]

Bibby, C.J., N.D. Burgess, and D.A. Hill, 1992. Bird census techniques. Published for the British Trust for Ornithology and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Academic Press, London. [Amazon Link]

Blanford, W.T., 1876. Eastern Persia, an account of the journey of the Persian Boundary Commission 1870-71-72. II. The zoology and geology. London. [Amazon Link]

Booth, A.H., 1959. On the mammalian fauna of the Accra Plain. Jl W. Afr. Sci. Ass. 5(1): 26–36.

Boulger, L.R., and J.S. Porterfield, 1958. Isolation of a virus from Nigerian fruit bats. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 52: 421–424.[CrossRef]

Boye, P., B. Pott-Dorfer, K. Dorfer, and A. Demetropoulos, 1990. New records of bats (Chiroptera) from Cyprus and notes on their biology. Myotis 28: 93–100.

Bradbury, J.W., 1977. Lek mating behaviour in the hammer-headed bat. Z. Tierpsychol. 45: 225–255.

Bradbury, J.W., 1981. The evolution of leks. In: Natural selection and social behaviour (eds. R.D. Alexander, and D.W. Tinkle), pp. 138–169. Chiron Press, New York.

Brass, L.J., 1956. Results of the Archbold Expeditions No. 75. Summary of the Fourth Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (1953). Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 111: 80–152.

Brass, L.J., 1964. Results of the Archbold Expeditions No. 86. Summary of the Sixth Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (1959). Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 127: 147–215.

Bräutigam, A., 1988. Flying foxes in danger. Species. 11: 11–12.

Bräutigam, A., 1989 (ed). Analyses of proposals to amend the CITES appendices. Submitted to the Seventh Meeting of the Conference of the Parties, Lausanne (Switzerland), 9–20 October 1989.

Bräutigam, A., and T. Elmqvist, 1990. Conserving Pacific island flying foxes. Oryx 24: 81–89.

Brosset, A., 1966a. La biologie des chiroptères. Masson & Cie., Paris.

Brosset, A., 1966b. Les chiroptères du Haut-Ivindo (Gabon). Biologia gabon. 2(1): 47–86.

Brownie, C., D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, and D.S. Robson, 1978. Statistical inference from band recovery data: A handbook. US Fish and Wildlife Service Research Publication.

Bruner, P.L., and H.D. Pratt, 1979. Notes on the status and natural history of Micronesian bats. Elepaio 40: 1–4.

Burg, S.P., 1962. The physiology of ethylene formation. A. Rev. Pl. Physiol. 13: 265–302.[CrossRef]

Burg, S.P. and E.A. Burg, 1965. Ethylene action and the ripening of fruits. Science N.Y. 148: 1190–1196. [Link]

Calaby, J.H., 1966. Mammals of the Upper Richmond and Clarence Rivers, New South Wales. Tech. Pap. Div. Wildl. Res. C.S.I.R.O. Aust. 10. [Amazon Link]

Calford, M.B., and K.I. McAnally, 1987. Hearing in flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Aust. Mamm. 10: 97–100.

Carroll, J.B., 1984. The conservation and wild status of the Rodrigues fruit bat (Pteropus rodricensis). Myotis 21–22: 148–154.

Carroll, J.B., 1985. The flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) of the western Indian Ocean islands (and a footnote on Rousettus obliviosus). Bat News 4: 4–5.

Carroll, J.B., and G.M. Mace, 1988. Population management of the Rodrigues fruit bat Pteropus rodricensis in captivity. Int. Zoo Yb. 27: 70–78.

Cassin, J., 1858. Mammalogy and ornithology (U.S Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842), Vol. 8. J.B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia.

Chambers, M.R., and D. Esrom, 1988. The flying foxes of Vanuatu, with notes on their cultural and social importance. Report, Ministry of Lands, Vanuatu.

Chambers, M.R., and D. Esrom, 1989. The flying foxes of Vanuatu with notes on their cultural and social importance. Naika 30: 6–13.

Chambers, M.R., and D. Esrom, 1991. The fruit bats of Vanuatu. Bat News 20: 4–5.

Cheke, A.S., and J.F. Dahl, 1981. The status of bats on western Indian Ocean Islands with special reference to Pteropus. Mammalia 45: 205–238.

Chen, J.T.F., 1984. A synopsis of the vertebrates of Taiwan. Vol 3. Revised and enlarged edition by M.J. Yu. Commercial Press, Taipei. (in Chinese).

Claessen, C.J., and F. de Vree, 1990a. Systematic and distributional notes on the larger species of the genus Epomophorus Bennett, 1836 (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). In: Vertebrates in the tropics (eds. Peters, G. and R. Hutterer), pp. 177–186. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Vertebrate Biogeography and Systematics in the Tropics, Bonn, June 5–8, 1989. Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn. [Amazon Link]

Claessen, C.J., and F. de Vree, 1990b. Systematic and taxonomic notes on the Epomophorus anurus-labiatus-minor complex with the description of a new species (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Senckenberg. biol. 71: 209–238.

Corbet, G.B., and J. Edwards Hill, 1991. A world list of mammalian species. 3rd edition. British Museum Publications and Oxford University Press. [Amazon Link]

Corbet, G.B., and J.E. Hill, 1992. Mammals of the Indo Malayan region - a systematic review. British Museum Publications and Oxford University Press.

Cook, J.A., 1979. The feeding ecology of the Seychelles fruit bat (Pteropus seychellensis). In: Aberdeen University Expedition to the Seychelles 1977. Report. (ed. P.A. Racey), pp. 12–42. University of Aberdeen, Department of Zoology. Cyclostyled.

Coultas, W.F., 1931. Whitney South Seas Expedition journals, Vol. W. Journal and letters, Vol. II, of William F. Coultas, November, 1930 to December, 1931. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Unpublished.

Cox, P.A., 1983. Observations on the natural history of Samoan bats. Mammalia 47: 519–523.

Cox, P.A., 1984a. Chiropterophily and ornithophily in Freycinetia (Pandanaceae) in Samoa. Pl. Syst. Evol. 144: 277–290.[CrossRef]

Cox, P.A., 1984b. Flying fox nearly extinct in Samoa. Bats 1(4): 1–2. [Link]

Cox, P.A., 1987. [MS] The effects of Hurricane Tusi on rain forest vegetation in Ta'u, American Samoa.

Cox, P.A., T. Elmqvist, E.D. Pierson, and W.E. Rainey, 1991. Flying foxes as strong interactors in South Pacific island ecosystems: a conservation hypothesis. Cons. Biol. 5(4): 448–454.[CrossRef]

Cox, P.A., T. Elmqvist, E.D. Pierson, and W.E. Rainey, 1992. Flying foxes as pollinators and seed dispersers in Pacific island ecosystems. In: Pacific island flying foxes: proceedings of an international conservation conference. (eds. D.E. Wilson and G.L. Graham), pp. 18–23. US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 90(23). US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC. [Amazon Link]

Crampton, H.E., 1921. A journey to the Mariana Islands - Guam and Saipan. J. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist. 21: 127–145.

Craven, I., 1988. Finding solutions. Bats 6(1): 12–13.

Crawford-Cabral, J., 1989. A list of Angolan Chiroptera with notes on their distribution. Garcia de Orta, Zool. 13(for 1986)(1–2): 7–48.

Cunningham van Someren, G.R., 1972a. Pollination of Kigelia flowers by bats. Bull. E. Afr. nat. Hist. Soc. January: 9–72.

Cunningham van Someren, G.R., 1972b. Some fruit bats eat leaves. Bull. E. Afr. nat. Hist. Soc. February: 24–25.

Dahl, J.F., 1979a. Description and comparison of Lemur and Pteropus behavior patterns by application of spatial-sequential techniques. [Paper given at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, San Francisco, April 5–7, 1979]. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. March, 1979 (Abstract).

Dahl, J.F., 1979b. Behavior of the Comorian flying fox (Pteropus seychellensis comorensis) and an evaluation of the fossil bat Archaeopteropus transiens. [Paper given at the Meeting of the Animal Behavior Society, New Orleans, June, 1979.].

Dammerman, K.W. 1948. Mammalia (Fauna of Krakatau). Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet. 44(2): 314–325.

Daschbach, N., 1990. After the hurricane. Bats 8(3) 14–15.

DeBlase, A.F., 1980. The bats of Iran: systematics, distribution, ecology. Fieldiana Zool., N.S. 4: 1–424.

DeFrees, S.L., and D.E. Wilson, 1988. Eidolon helvum. Mammalian Spec. 132: 1–5.

Degener, O., 1949. Naturalist's South Pacific expedition: Fiji. Paradise of the Pacific Ltd., Honolulu, Hawaii. [Amazon Link]

DeSante, D.F., 1981. A field test of the variable circular-plot censusing technique in a California coastal scrub breeding community. In: Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds (eds. Ralph, C.J., and J.M. Scott), pp. 177–185. Studies in Avian Biology No. 6. Cooper Ornithological Society. [Amazon Link]

Deville, A., 1977. Projet de Programme pour le futur développement forestier dans l'Archipel des Comores. Rapport de Mission PNUD/FAO, July 1974.

Diamond, J.M., 1988. Red books or green lists?Nature, Lond. 332: 304–305.[CrossRef]

Dillon, R.S., 1960. Behaviour of flying foxes in coastal New Guinea. J. Mammal. 41: 264–265.[CrossRef]

Dobat, K., and T. Peikert-Holle, 1985. Blüten und Fledermäuse. Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt and Main.

Dobson, G.E., 1878. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London.

Dolbeer, R.R., 1987. Vertebrate pest management in the Maldives FAO Unpublished Final Report No. 1, TCP/MDV/4506T, Rome.

Dolbeer, R.R., L.R. Fielder, and H. Rasheed, 1988. Management of fruit bat and rat populations in the Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference. (eds. A.C. Crabb and R.E. Marsh), pp. 112–118. University of California, Davis. [Link]

Dwyer, P.D., 1975. Notes on Dobsonia moluccensis (Chiroptera) in the New Guinea highlands. Mammalia. 39: 113–118.

Eby, P., in press Seasonal movements of grey-headed flying-foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) from two maternity camps in northern New South Wales. Aust. Wildl. Res. [Link]

Edwards, D.K., G.L. Dorsey, and J.A. Crawford, 1981. A comparison of three avian census methods. In: Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds (eds. Ralph, C.J., and J.M. Scott), pp. 170–176. Studies in Avian Biology No. 6. Cooper Ornithological Society. [Amazon Link]

Eisentraut, M., 1941. Beitrag zur Ökologie Kameruner Chiropteren. Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 25: 245–273.

Eisentraut, M., 1960. Zur Kenntnis der westafrikanischen Flughundgattung Scotonycteris. Bonn. zool. Beitr. 10: 298–309.

Eisentraut, M., 1963. Die Wirbeltiere des Kammerungebirges. Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin.

Eldredge, L.G., R.T. Tsuda, P. Moore, N. Chernin, and S. Neudecker, 1977. A natural history of Maug, northern Mariana Islands. Univ. Guam Marine Lab. Tech. Rep. 43: 1–87. [Amazon Link]

Elliot, D.G., 1896. On sundry collections of mammals. Field Clumbian Mus. Zool. 1: 67–82.

Elmqvist, T., P.A. Cox, W.E. Rainey, and E.D. Pierson, in press. Restricted pollination on oceanic islands: pollination of Ceiba pentandra by flying foxes in Samoa. Biotropica.

Engbring, J., 1985. A 1984 survey of the fruit bat (maga'lau) on Yap. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawaii. Unpublished report.

Engbring, J., 1986. A survey of the bats on Yap and Ulithi. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawaii. Unpublished report.

Engbring, J., 1989. [MS] Observations of fruit bats in Samoa, with emphasis of the status of the Samoan fruit bat (Pteropus samoensis). US Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawaii. Unpublished report.

Faegri, K., and L. van der Pijl, 1979. The principles of pollination ecology. 3rd edition. Pergamon Press, Oxford. [Amazon Link]

Falanruw, M.V.C., 1988a. On the status, reproductive biology and management of fruit bats on Yap. Micronesica 21: 39–51.

Falanruw, M.V.C., 1988b. Management of the fruit bats on Yap: past and future challenges. Trans. West. Sec. Wildl. Soc. 24: 38–41.

Fayenuwo, J.O., and L.B. Halstead, 1974. Breeding cycle of the straw- coloured fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, at Ife-Ife, Nigeria. J. Mammal. 55(2): 453–454.[CrossRef]

Fedden, M.O., and H.L. Macleod, 1986. Bat Research in western Cameroon. In: Conservation of Cameroon montane forests (ed. S.N. Stuart), pp. 175–195. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge. [Amazon Link]

Feiler, A., 1988. Die Säugetiere der Inseln im Golf von Guinea und ihre Beziehungen zur Säugetierfauna der westafrikanischen Festlandes (Mammalia). Zool. Abh. st. Mus. Tierk., Dresden 44(1): 83–88.

Felten, H., and D. Kock, 1972. Weitere Flughunde der Gattung Pteropus von den Neuen Hebriden, sowie den Banks - und Torres-Inseln, Pazifischer Ozean. Senckenberg. biol. 53: 179–188.

Flannery, T.F., 1989. Flying foxes in Melanesia: populations at risk. Bats 7(4): 5–7. [Link]

Flannery, T.F., 1990. Mammals of New Guinea. The Australian Museum. Robert Brown and Associates, Queensland, Australia.

Flannery, T.F., 1991. A new species of Pteralopex (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) from montane Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. Rec. Aust. Mus. 43: 123–129.

Fleming, P.J.S., and D. Robinson, 1987. Flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) on the north coast of New South Wales: damage to stonefruit crops and control methods. Aust. Mamm. 10: 143–147.

Fleming, T.H., 1988. The short-tailed fruit bat: a study in plantanimal interactions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. [Amazon Link]

Fleming, T.H., R. Breitwisch, and G.H. Whitesides, 1987. Patterns of tropical frugivore diversity. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18: 91–109.[CrossRef]

Francis, C.M., 1989. Notes on fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) from Malaysia and Brunei, with the description of a new subspecies of Megaerops wetmorei Taylor, 1934. Can. J. Zool. 67: 2878–2882.

Friend, G.R., and R.W. Braithwaite, 1986. Bat fauna of Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory. Aust. Mamm. 9: 43–52.

Fryer, J.C.F., 1911. The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean 1905 under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A. Vol. III, no. XIX - The structure and formation of Aldabra and Neighbouring islands with notes on their fauna and flora. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) (2) 14: 397–442.

Fujita, M.S., 1988. Flying foxes and economics. Bats 6(1): 4–9. [Link]

Fujita, M.S. and M.D. Tuttle, 1991. Flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae): threatened animals of key ecological and economic importance. Cons. Biol. 5(4): 455–463. A complete list of plant and bat species, observation locations, specific bat-plant interactions, plant products and uses and full references can be obtained from Bat Conservation International, PO Box 162603, Austin Tx 78716, USA.[CrossRef]

Funakoshi, K., 1989. Northernmost populations of the flying fox. Shizen Aigo 15: 1–6. (in Japanese).

Funakoshi, K., 1990. Chiropteran fauna of the Tokara Islands. Shizen Aigo 16: 3–6. (in Japanese).

Funmilayo, O., 1976. Diet and roosting damage and environmental pollution by the straw-coloured fruit bat in south-western Nigeria. Niger. Fld 41: 136–142.

Funmilayo, O., 1978. Fruit bats for meat: are too many taken? Oryx 14(4): 377–378.

Funmilayo, O., 1979. Ecology of the straw-coloured fruit bat in Nigeria. Rev. Zool. afr. 93(3): 589–600.

Gaisler, J., Madkour, G. Madkour, and J. Pelikán, 1972. On the bats (Chiroptera) of Egypt. Acta. Sc. nat. Brno 6(8): 1–40.

Gardner, A.L., 1977. Feeding habits. In: Biology of bats of the New World Family Phyllostomidae Vol. 2 (eds. R.J. Baker, J.K. Jones Jr., and D.C. Carter), pp. 293–350. Lubbock: Special Publications of the Museum, No. 13. Texas Tech. University. [Amazon Link]

Gibson-Hill, C.A., 1947. Contributions to the natural history of Christmas Island. Bull. Raffles Mus. 18.

Gill, B.J., 1987. Notes on the birds, reptiles and mammals of Tongatapu and ‘Eua (Tonga). Notornis 34: 217–223.

Girschner, M., 1912. Die Karolinen insel Namoluk und ihre Bewohner. Baessler Archiv. 2: 123–215.

Glass, P.O., J.D. Reichel, E.C. Villagomez, W. Taisacan, and D. Aldan, 1987. [MS]. Five year progress report, FY 1983–1987, Pitman-Robertson federal aid in wildlife restoration program. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Fish and Wildlife. Unpublished report.

Goodwin, R.E., 1979. The bats of Timor: Systematics and Ecology. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 163: 75–122. [Link]

Gopalakrishna, A., and P.N. Choudhari, 1977. Breeding habits and associated phenomena in some Indian bats. Part 1. Rousettus leschenaulti (Megachiroptera). J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 74(1): 1–16.

Gould, E., 1977. Foraging behaviour of Pteropus vampyrus on the flowers of Durio zibethinus. Malay Nat.J. 30: 53–57.

Gould, E., 1978. Foraging behaviour of Malaysian nectar-feeding bats. Biotropica 10: 184–193.[CrossRef]

Granvik, H., 1924. On mammals from the eastern slopes of Mount Elgon, Kenya Colony. Mammals collected by the Swedish Mount Elgon Expedition 1920. Acta Univ. lund 21(3): (1). 1–32.

Gray, J.E., 1870. Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs and fruit-eating bats in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London. [Amazon Link]

Green, A.A., 1983. Rodents and bats of Arli and Pendjar National Parks, Upper Volta and Benin. Niger. Fld 47: 185–194.

Greig-Smith, P.W., 1975. Notes on a collection of bats and their ectoparasites from the Sepik District, Papua New Guinea. Sci. New Guin. 3: 117–122.

Guerrero, L., and A.C. Alcala, 1973. Food habits of Pteropid bats. Philipp. Biota 7: 139–142.

Hall, L.S., 1987. Identification, distribution and taxonomy of Australian flying-foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Aust. Mamm. 10: 75–79.

Hall, L.S., and G.C. Richards, 1979. Bats of Eastern Australia. Queensland Museum booklet No. 12. [Amazon Link]

Halstead, L.B., 1977. Fruit bats-an example of wildlife management. Niger. Fld 42(2): 50–56.

Halstead, L.B., and A.O. Segun, 1975. Dissection guides of common tropical animals, 3 Fruit bat (Eidolon helvum). Publication No 6. Ethiope Publishing House, Benin City.

Happold, D.C.D., 1987. The mammals of Nigeria. Clarendon Press, Oxford. [Amazon Link]

Happold, D.C.D., and M. Happold, 1978. The fruitbats of Western Nigeria. Niger. Fld 43(1): 30–37, (2): 72–77, (3): 121–127.

Harris, B.J., and H.G. Baker, 1958. Pollination in Kigelia africana Benth. Jl W. Afr. Sci. Ass. 4: 25–30.

Harris, B.J., and H.G. Baker, 1959. The pollination of flowers by bats in Ghana. Niger. Fld 24: 151–159.

Harrison, D.L., 1964. The mammals of Arabia. I. Introduction; Insectivora; Chiroptera; Primates. Ernest Benn Ltd., London. [Amazon Link]

Harrison, D.L., 1980. The mammals obtained in Dhofar by the 1977 Oman Flora and Fauna Survey. In: The scientific results of the Oman Flora and Fauna Survey 1977 (Dhofar). (eds. S.N. Shaw Reade, J.B. Sale, M.D. Gallagher, and R.H. Daly), pp. 387–397. Journal of Oman Studies Special Report No. 2. [Amazon Link]

Hasuo, Y., 1969. Animals of the Ogasawara Islands, with special interests in birds and mammals. In: Survey report on the nature and landscape of the Ogasawara Islands (eds. Tokyo Prefectural Government), pp. 111–138. (in Japanese).

Hasuo, Y., 1970a. Animals of the Ogasawara Islands. In: Survey report on the nature and landscape of the Ogasawara Islands. (eds. Tokyo Prefectural Government) 2nd Version, pp. 192–213. (in Japanese).

Hasuo, Y., 1970b. Terrestrial mammals. In: Nature of Ogasawara. (Hirokawa Shoten, Tokyo), pp. 143–153. (in Japanese).

Hayman, R.W., 1946. A new Scotonycteris, with notes on other Gold Coast bats. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 12: 766–775.

Hayman, R.W., and J. Edwards Hill, 1971. Order Chiroptera. In: The mammals of Africa, an identification manual, part 2. (eds. J. Meester, and H.W. Setzer), pp. 1–73. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

Hayman, R.W., X. Misonne, and W. Verheyen, 1966. The bats of the Congo and of Rwanda and Burundi. Annls. Mus. r. Afr. cent., Sci. zool. 154: 1–105. [Amazon Link]

Heaney, L.R., 1986. Biogeography of the mammals of Southeast Asia: estimates of colonisation, extinction and speciation. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 28: 127–165.

Heaney, L.R., and P.D. Heideman, 1987. Philippine fruit bats: Endangered and extinct. Bats 5 (1): 3–5. [Link]

Heaney, L.R., P.D. Heideman, and K.M. Mudar, 1981. Ecological notes on mammals in the Lake Balinsasayao Region, Negros Oriental, Philippines. Silliman J. 28: 122–131.

Heaney, L.R., P.D. Heideman, E.R. Rickart, R.C.B. Utzurrum, and J.H.S. Klompen, 1989. Elevational zonation of mammals in the central Philippines. J. trop. Ecol. 5: 259–280.

Heideman, P.D., 1987. The reproductive ecology of a community of Philippine fruit bats (Pteropodidae: Megachiroptera). Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Heideman, P.D., 1988. The timing of reproduction in Haplonycteris fischeri Lawrence (Pteropodidae): Geographic variation and delayed development. J. Zool., Lond. 215: 577–595. [Link]

Heideman, P.D., 1989. Delayed development in a paleotropical fruit bat, Haplonycteris fischeri (Pteropodidae). J. Reprod. Fert. 85: 363–382. [Link]

Heideman, P.D., and L.R. Heaney, 1989. Population biology and estimates of abundance of fruit bats (Pteropodidae) in Philippine submontane rainforest. J. Zool., Lond. 218: 565–586.

Heideman, P.D., L.R. Heaney, K.R. Erickson, and R.L. Thomas, 1987. Patterns of faunal diversity and species abundance of non-volant small mammals on Negros Island, Philippines. J. Mammal. 68: 888–892.

Heithaus, E.R., and T.H. Fleming, 1978. Foraging movements of a frugivorous bat, Carollia perspicillata (Phyllostomatidae). Ecol. Monogr. 48: 127–143.[CrossRef]

Herbert, T., 1638. Some yeares travels into Africa and Asia the Great. 2nd edition. Blome and Bishop, London.

Herselman, J.C., and P.M. Norton, 1985. The distribution and status of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the Cape Province. Ann. Cape prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.) 16(4): 73–126.

Herzig-Straschil, B., and G.A. Robinson, 1978. On the ecology of the fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi (A. Smith, 1829) in the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park. Koedoe 21: 101–110.

Hill, J.Edwards, 1983. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Indo-Australia. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. Zool. 45: 103–208.

Hill, J.Edwards, in press Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the Togian Islands, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist.

Hill, J.Edwards, and W.N. Beckon, 1978. A new species of Pteralopex Thomas, 1888 (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) from the Fiji Islands. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. Zool. 34(20): 65–82. [Amazon Link]

Hill, J.Edwards, and J.D. Smith, 1984. Bats, a natural history. British Museum (Natural History), London.

Hill, J.Eric, and T.D. Carter, 1941. The mammals of Angola, Africa. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 78(1): 1–211. [Link]

Honacki, J.H., K.E. Kinman, and J.W. Koeppl (eds.), 1982. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press and the Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. [Amazon Link]

Horikawa, Y., 1932. A monograph on the mammals of Formosa. Zoological Society of Formosa. (in Japanese).

Holthius, L.B., 1963. Contributions to New Guinea carcinology. IV. Further data on the occurrence of Birgus latro (L.) in west New Guinea (Crustacea, Decapoda, Paraguridea). Nova Guinea. 18: 355–359.

Hood, C.S., and J.D. Smith, 1989. Sperm storage in a tropical nectar-feeding bat, Macroglossus minimus (Pteropodidae). J. Mammal. 70: 404–406.[CrossRef]

Huggel-Wolf, H., and M.L. Huggel-Wolf, 1965. La biologie d'Eidolon helvum (Kerr) (Megachiroptera). Acta trop. 22(1): 1–10.

Hutson, A.M., 1990. Tourism threatens Thailand bat cave. Bat News. 18: 5.

Hutson, A.M., 1991. Is the Pemba flying fox in danger? Bat News 21: 4–5.

Hyde, R.L., J.C. Pernetta, and T. Senabe, 1984. Exploitation of wild animals. In: The research report of the Simbu Land Use Project, Vol. 4. South Simbu: studies in demography, nutrition and subsistence, pp. 291–380. I.A.S.E.R., Port Moresby.

Hyndman, D., and D.D. Menzies, 1980. Aproteles bulmerae (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) of New Guinea is not extinct. J. Mammal 61: 159–160.[CrossRef]

Iakopo, M., 1985. [MS]. Forestry development in Western Samoa: country presentation to second international seminar on forest management and administration. Forestry Division, Department of Agriculture, Apia, Western Samoa. Unpublished report.

Ikehara, S., 1973. Terrestrial vertebrates of the Daito Islands. In: Reports from the survey on the natural monuments of the Daito Islands. (eds. Japan Agent of Culture), pp. 52–63. (in Japanese).

Ikehara, S., T. Abe, M. Chinen, Y. Yonashiro, Y.Chigira, K. Higoshi, and K. Mitsui, 1981. Survey report on the present status of Diplothrix legata. In: Survey report on the natural monuments of Okinawa Prefecture XXII. (eds. Educational Committee of Okinawa Prefecture). Educational Committee of Okinawa Prefecture, Naha. (in Japanese).

Ikehara, S., and M. Shimojana, 1975. Terrestrial animals of Okinawa. Fudokisha, Naha. (in Japanese).

Ikehara, S., Y. Yonashiro, K. Miyagi, and M. Toyama, 1984. Terrestrial vertebrates. Field guide to animals of Okinawa. Ser. 1. Shinseitosho, Naha. (in Japanese).

Imaizumi, Y., 1970. The handbook of Japanese land mammals. Vol. 1. Shin-Shicho-Sha Co., Tokyo. [Amazon Link]

Imboden, C., 1987. São Tomé and Príncipe birds increase. Wld Birdwatch 9(4): 1–2.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of threatened animals. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Environmental Law Centre. 1986. African wildlife laws. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Occasional Paper No. 3. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Switzerland. [Amazon Link]

Ishii, N., 1983. Mammals of Minami-Iwojima Island. In: Nature of Minami-Iwojima Island. (eds. Nature Conservation Branch, Environmental Agency), pp. 225–242. (in Japanese, with English summary).

Jacobsen, N.H.G., and E. Du Plessis, 1976. Observations on the ecology and biology of the Cape fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi in the Eastern Transvaal. S. Afr. J. Sci. 72: 270–273.

Jackson, W.B., 1962. Area of study. In: Pacific island rat ecology. (ed. T.I. Storer), pp. 14–20. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. [Amazon Link]

Jaegar, P. 1954. Les aspects actuels du problème de Cheiroptèrogamie. Bull. Inst. fond. Afr. noire ser. A 16: 796–821.

Jamieson, G.I., 1988. Fruit losses from flying-foxes in Queensland. Macroderma 4: 34–42.

Jeffrey, S.M., 1975. Notes on mammals from the high forest of western Ghana (excluding Insectivora). Bull. Inst. fond. Afr. noire, ser. A 37(4): 950–973.

Jenkins, J.M., 1983. The native forest birds of Guam. Orn. Monogr. 31: 1–61. [Amazon Link]

Jones, C., 1971. The bats of Rio Muni, West Africa. J. Mammal. 52(1): 121–140.[CrossRef]

Jones, C., 1972. Comparative ecology of the three pteropid bats in Rio Muni, West Africa. J. Zool., Lond. 167: 353–370.

Jones, C., 1980. The conservation of the endemic birds and bats of Mauritius and Rodrigues (a progress report and proposal for future activities). International Council for Bird Preservation, Mauritius and Washington. Cyclostyled.

Kaisila, J., 1966. The Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus Geoffr. (Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae) visiting flowers of Bombax malabaricum. Annls. zool. fenn. 3(1): 1–3.

Kano, T., 1934. Animals, plants and natives of the island of Botel Tobago. Kagaku Chishiki (Scientific Knowledge) 14(7): 815–819. (in Japanese).

Khan, R., 1985. Mammals of Bangladesh. Nazma Reza, Dhaka. [Amazon Link]

Kingdon, J., 1974. East African mammals. An atlas of evolution in Africa. II, A (insectivores and bats). Academic Press, London and New York.

Kirkpatrick, J.B., 1983. An iterative method for establishing priorities for the selection of nature reserves: an example from Tasmania. Biol. Cons. 25: 127–134.[CrossRef]

Kishida, K., 1924. On the Formosan Chiroptera, Zool. Mag. Tokyo 36: 30–49. (in Japanese).

Kitchener, D.J., B. Boeadi, L. Charlton, and Maharadatunkamsi. 1990. Wild mammals of Lombok Island: Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: systematics and natural history. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement No. 33. [Amazon Link]

Kitchener, D.J., and Maharadatunkamsi, 1991. Description of a new species of Cynopterus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) from Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Rec. West Aust. Mus. 15: 307–363.

Knowles, W.C., 1988. [MS]. The status of the wildlife and wildlife habitats in American Samoa. Report to the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa.

Kock, D., 1969. Eine neue Gattung und Art cynopteriner Flughunde von Mindanao, Philippinen (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Senckenberg. biol. 50: 319–327.

Kock, D., 1972. Fruit-bats and bat-flowers. Bull. E. Afr. nat. Hist. Soc. 1972: 123–126.

Koopman, K.F., 1979. Zoogeography of mammals from islands off the northeastern coast of New Guinea. Am. Mus. Novit. 2690: 1–17. [Link]

Koopman, K.F., 1982. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 109. Bats from east Papua and the eastern Papuan islands. Am. Mus. Novit. 2747: 1–34.

Koopman, K.F., R.E. Mumford, and J.F. Heisterberg, 1978. Bat records from Upper Volta, West Africa. Am. Mus. Novit. 2643: 1–6. [Link]

Kress, J.W., 1985. Bat pollination of an Old World Heliconia. Biotropica. 17: 302–308.[CrossRef]

Kulzer, von E., 1969. African fruit eating cave bats. Part I. Afr. Wild Life 23: 39–46; Part II. Afr. Wild Life 23: 129–138.

Kunisaki, T., and T. Kamishikirei, 1988. Erabu flying fox on Kuchinerabujima, Kagoshima Prefecture. Educational Committee of Kamiyaku-cho Town, Kagoshima Prefecture. (in Japanese).

Kunz, T.H. (ed.), 1988. Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.

Kuroda, N., 1921. On three new mammals from Japan. J. Mammal. 2(4): 208–211.[CrossRef]

Kuroda, N., 1930. Mammals found in the Bonin Islands - Fauna of the Bonin Islands. Bull. biogeogr. Soc. Japan 1: 13–19. (in Japanese).

Kuroda, N., 1932. A list of the Japanese mammals. L.M. Zoological Society Japan, Tokyo.

Kuroda, N., 1933. A revision of the genus Pteropus found in the islands of the Riu Kiu chain. Jap. J. Mammal. 14(4): 312–316.[CrossRef]

Kuroda, N., 1940. A monograph of the Japanese mammals, exclusive of Sirenia and Cetacea. Sanseido, Tokyo and Osaka.

Lang, H., and J.P. Chapin, 1917. The American Museum Congo expedition collection of bats. III. Field notes. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 37(18): 497–563. [Link]

La Nux, and J.B. de, 1772. (Letter on Rousettes and Rougettes). Published, apparently with only a few minor excisions, on pp. 253–262 of Buffon, 1776 (q. v.).

Lawrence, B.L., 1939. Collections from the Philippine Islands. Mammals. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 86: 38–73.

Layard, T., 1829. Description of Pteropus pselaphon. In the zoology of Captain Beechey's Voyage to the Pacific and Behring's Straits, performed in H.M.S. Blossom under the command of Captain Beechey in the years 1825–1828. Zool. J., Lond. 4: 457.

Lekagul, B., and J.A. McNeely, 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Sahankarnbhat, Bangkok.

Lemke, T.O., 1986. Marianas fruit bats near extinction. Bats. 3(1): 1–2. [Link]

Lewis, R.E., and D.L. Harrison, 1962. Notes on bats from the Republic of Lebanon. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 138(3) 473–486.

Lim, B.L., 1966. Abundance and distribution of Malaysian bats in different ecological habitats. Fedn Mus. J. 9: 61–76.

Lim, B.L., 1973. Breeding pattern, food habits and parasitic infestation of bats in Gunong Brinchang. Malay. Nat. J. 26: 6–13.

Loebel, M.R., and G. Sanewski, 1987. Flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) as orchard pests. Aust. Mammal. 10: 147–150.

Louette, M., 1975. A fruit bat as prey of the African hawk-eagle. Bull. Br. Orn. Club 95: 172–173.

Lyster, S., 1985. International wildlife law. Grotius Publications Ltd., Cambridge. [Amazon Link]

Mabberley, D.J., 1987. The plant book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [Amazon Link]

MacArthur, R.H. and E.O. Wilson, 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. [Amazon Link]

Mace, G.M., and R. Lande, 1991. Assessing extinction threats: toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened species categories. Cons. Biol. 5(2): 148–157.[CrossRef]

Makin, D., 1990. Aspects of the biology of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus in Israel. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Tel Aviv University, Israel.

Makin, D., and H. Mendelssohn, 1986. Israel wipes out its bats. Ecologist 16(1): 46–47.

Makin, D., and H. Mendelssohn, 1987. The fruit-bat issue in Israel. Bat News 11: 4–5.

Malangnoux, M, and J.C. Gautun, 1976. A pest of Araucaria plantations in the Ivory Coast. Bois et For. Trop. 165: 35–38.

Marshall, A.G., 1983. Bats, flowers, and fruit: evolutionary relationships in the Old World. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 20: 115–135.

Marshall, A.G., 1985. Old World phytophagous bats (Megachiroptera) and their food plants: a survey. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 83: 351–369.

Marshall, A.G., and McWilliam, A.N. 1982. Ecological observations on epomophorine fruit-bats (Megachiroptera) in West African savanna woodland. J. Zool., Lond. 198: 53–67.

Marshall, A.J., 1947. The breeding cycle of an equatorial bat (Pteropus giganteus) of Ceylon. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 159: 103–111.

Marshall, M., 1975. The natural history of Namoluk Atoll, eastern Caroline Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. 189: 1–53. [Link]

Martin, L., P.A. Towers, M.A. McGuckin, L. Little, H. Luckhoff, and A.W Bradshaw, 1987. Reproductive biology of flying foxes (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae). Aust. Mamm. 10: 115–118.

Maruyama, K., 1980. An ecological study of Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus in captivity. Unpublished thesis, Department of Biology, College of Science and Engineering, University of the Ryukyus. (in Japanese).

Maruyama, K., 1982. Notes on the rest site and activity of Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus in March. Majaa 2: 27–29. (in Japanese).

Mason, G.E., 1907. On an extinct undescribed fruit-bat of the genus Pteropus from the Mascarenes. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 20: 220–222.

Matsumoto, T., 1978. Ecology of terrestrial vertebrates of Hahajima Island, Ogasawara Group. A. Rep. Ogasawara Res. 2: 29–39. (in Japanese).

Matsumoto, T., 1980. The status of Pteropus pselaphon on Hahajima Island, Ogasawara Group. Surv. Rep. nat. Envir. Ogasawara Is. 1: 15–24. (in Japanese).

Matsuura, K., 1920. Catalogue of the natural history collection of the Tokyo Imperial Museum (vertebrates). Tokyo Imperial Museum.

McCann, C., 1940. Notes on the fulvous fruit-bat (Rousettus leschenaulti Desm.). J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 41: 805–816.

McClure, H.E., B.L. Lim, and S.E. Winn., 1967. Fauna of the Dark Caves, Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Pacif. Insects 9: 399–428.

McCoy, M., 1990. Pollination of eucalypts by flying foxes in northern Australia. Flying-fox workshop. Proc. New South Wales Agric. Fish., Lismore 33–37.

McKean, J.L., 1972. Notes on some collections of bats (order Chiroptera) from Papua New Guinea and Bougainville Island, Australia. CSIRO Div. Wildl Res. Tech. Pap. 26.

McKean, J.L., 1983. Northern blossom bat. In: the Australian Museum complete book of Australian mammals (ed., R. Strahan) pp. 290. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

McWilliam, A.N., 1980a. Conservation of bats and their cave habitats on the Kenya coast. Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen. Cyclostyled.

McWilliam, A.N., 1980b. Conservation of bats, their cave habitats and surrounding relictual forest in coastal Kenya. Management proposals. Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen. Cyclostyled.

McWilliam, A.N., 1985–86. The feeding ecology of Pteropus in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Myotis 23–24: 201–208.

Medway, Lord, 1972. Phenology of a tropical rain forest in Malaya. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 4: 117–146.

Medway, Lord, 1977. Mammals of Borneo. Field keys and an annotated checklist. Kuala Lumpur MBRAS, Royal Asiatic Society Monographs No. 7, 1965, 1977 reprint. [Amazon Link]

Medway, Lord, 1978. The wild mammals of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia) and Singapore. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur. [Amazon Link]

Medway, Lord, 1983. The wild mammals of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia) and Singapore. 2nd Edition Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.

Medway, Lord, and A.G. Marshall, 1975. Terrestrial vertebrates of the New Hebrides: origin and distribution. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 272: 432–465. [Link]

Meirte, D., 1984a. New data on Casinycteris argynnis Thomas, 1910, (Megachiroptera, Pteropidae). Annls Mus. r. Afr. Cent. 237: 9–17.

Meirte, D., 1984b. De vleermuizen van de Comoren. Afr. Tervuren. 30(1–4): 50–57.

Menkhorst, P.W., and J.M. Dixon, 1985. Influxes of the grey-headed flying fox, Pteropus poliocephalus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) to Victoria in 1981 and 1982. Aust. Mamm. 8: 117–121.

Menzies, J.J., 1977. Fossil and subfossil fruit bats from the mountains of New Guinea. Aust. J. Zool. 25: 329–336.[CrossRef]

Mertens, R., 1936. Die Säugetiere der Inseln Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa und Flores. (Beiträge zur Fauna der Kleinen Sunda- Inseln, II). Zool. Jb. Syst. 68: 273–324.

Milne-Edwards, A., 1877. Observations sur les chauves-souris des îles Seychelles. Bull. Soc. philomath. Paris ser. 7, 2: 221–222.

Milne-Edwards, A., and E. Oustalet, 1888. Études sur les mammifères et les oiseaux des Îles Comores. Nouv. Archs Mus. Hist. nat. Paris (2) 10: 219–297.

Monard, A., 1935. Contribution à la mammalogie d'Angola et prodrome d'une faune d'Angola. Archos Mus. Bocage 6: 1–314.

Morrison, D.W., 1978. Influence of habitat on foraging distances of the fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis. J. Mammal. 59: 622–624.[CrossRef]

Motteler, L.S., 1986. Pacific island names. A map and name guide to the new Pacific. Bishop Museum Miscellaneous Publications No. 34. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. [Amazon Link]

Mountfort, G., 1974. So small a world. Hutchinson, London. [Amazon Link]

Mudar, K.M., and M.S. Allen, 1986. A list of bats from northeastern Luzon, Philippines. Mamm. 50: 219–225.

Muller, S., 1841. In: Temminck, C.J., 1839–1844. Natuurkundige Commissie in Oost-Indie. Verhandlungen over de Natuurlijke Gescheidenis der Nederlandische overzeesche bezittingen, door de Leden der Natuurkundige Commissie in Indie en Andere Schrijvers. Leiden.

Munn, C.A., 1991. Tropical canopy netting and shooting lines over tall trees. J. Fld Orn. 62(4): 454–463. [Link]

Musser, G.G., K.F Koopman, and D. Califia, 1982. The Sulawesian Pteropus arquatus and P. argentatus are Acerodon celebensis; the Philippine P. leucotis is an Acerodon. J. Mammal. 63: 319–328.[CrossRef]

Mutere, F.A., 1966. On the bats of Uganda. Uganda J. 30: 75–79.

Mutere, F.A., 1967. The breeding biology of equatorial vertebrates: reproduction of the fruit bat Eidolon helvum at latitude 0°20′N. J. Zool., Lond. 153(2): 153–161.

Mutere, F.A., 1968. The breeding biology of the fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy living at 0° 22′ S. Acta trop. 25(2): 97–108.

Mutere, F.A., 1980. Eidolon helvum revisited. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Bat Research Conference. (eds. D.E. Wilson and A.L. Gardner), pp. 145–150. Lubbock: Texas Tech Press.

Nader, I.A., 1985a. On the bats (Chiroptera) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J. Zool., Lond. 176: 331–340.

Nader, I.A., 1985b. First record of Eidolon helvum sabaeum (K. Andersen, 1907) for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Mammalia. 49(3): 429–431.

Nagai, K., 1929. On a fruit bat of Takarajima Island. Lansania 1: 146. (in Japanese).

Nakane, T., S. Takano, and M. Shigei, 1970. Zoological views. In: Report from scientific survey of natural monuments of the Ogasawara Islands (ed. Japan Agency of Culture), pp. 89–91.

Nelson, J.E., 1965a. Behaviour of Australian Pteropodidae (Megachiroptera). Anim. Behav. 13: 544–547.[CrossRef]

Nelson, J.E., 1965b. Movements of Australian flying foxes (Pteropodidae: Megachiroptera). Aust. J. Zool. 13: 53–73.[CrossRef]

Neuweiler, V.G., 1969. Verhaltensbeobachtungen an einer indischen Flughundkolonie (Pteropus g.giganteus Brunn.) Z. Tierpsychol. 26: 166–199.

Ng, F.S.P., 1980. Legumes in forestry. In: Proc. Symp. legumes in the tropics (Faculty of Agricultural University Pertanian Malaysia), pp. 449–456.

Nichols, D.G. Jnr., K.F. Fuller, E. McShane-Caluzi, and E, Klerner-Eckenrode, eds. A.L. Gaski, and G. Hemley, 1991. Wildlife trade laws of Asia and Oceania. TRAFFIC (USA), World Wildlife Fund, Washington DC, USA.

Nicoll, M.E., and P.A. Racey, 1981. The Seychelles fruit bat, Pteropus seychellensis seychellensis. Afr. J. Ecol. 19: 361–364.

Norton, P.H., and M. Van der Merwe, 1978. Winter activity of bats in a Transvaal highveld cave. S. Afr. J. Sci. 74: 216–220.

Nowak, R.M., 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. 5th edition. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.

Okia, N.O., 1974a. The breeding pattern of the eastern epauletted bat, - Epomophorus anurus Heuglin, in Uganda. J. Reprod. Fert. 37(1): 27–31.

Okia, N.O., 1974b. Breeding in Franquet's bat, Epomops franqueti (Tomes) in Uganda. J. Mammal. 55(2): 462–465.[CrossRef]

Okon, E.E., 1974. Fruit bats at Ife: their roosting and food preferences. Niger. Fld 39: 33–40.

O'Shea, T.J., and T.A. Vaughan, 1980. Ecological observations on an East African bat community. Mammalia 44(4): 485–496.

Osmaston, H.A. 1965. Pollen and seed dispersal in Chlorophora excelsa and other Moraceae and in Parkia fillicoidea (Mimosaceae) with special reference to the role of the fruit bat, Eidolon helvum. Commonw. For. Rev. 44: 96–104.

Otis, D.L., K.P. Burnham, G.C. White, and D.R. Anderson, 1978. Statistical inference from capture data on closed animal populations. Wildl. Monogr. 62: 1–135. [Amazon Link]

Owen, D., D. Bilton, K. Lonsdale, and S. Strathdee, 1987. Proyek Kelelawar. A study of bats and invertebrates in an archipelago's caves. Final report of the Oxford University expedition to the Togian Islands, Sulawesi, Indonesia, Summer [July 12th - October 1st] 1987. Published by the compilers.

Owen, R.P., 1977. Terrestrial vertebrate fauna of the Palau Islands. Conservation Office, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Koror, Palau. Unpublished report. [Amazon Link]

Pakarnseree, L., 1986. Food of Thai bats: studies of stomach contents of fruit-eating and nectarivorous bats in Thailand (Mammalia: Megachiroptera). Cour. ForschInst. Senckenberg 87: 73–89.

Pakenham, R.H.W., 1984. The mammals of Zanzibar and Pemba Islands. Published by the author. [Amazon Link]

Palmer, R.H., 1987. Flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in the Coffs Harbour district of New South Wales. Aust. Mamm. 10: 141–142.

Parry-Jones, K., and M.L Augee, in press. Food selection by grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) occupying a summer colony site near Gosford, N.S.W. Aust. Wildl. Res. [Link]

Payne, J., C.M. Francis, and K. Phillips, 1985. A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu.

Perez, G.S.A., 1968. Notes on Palau fruit bats. J. Mammal. 49: 758.[CrossRef]

Perez, G.S.A., 1972. Observations on Guam bats. Micronesica. 8: 141–149.

Perez, G.S.A., 1973. Notes on the ecology and life history of Pteropidae on Guam. Periodicum biol. 75: 163–168.

Pernetta, J.C., and L. Hill, 1984. Traditional use and conservation of resources in the Pacific Basin. Ambio 13: 359–364.

Pernetta, J.C., and D. Watling, 1978. The introduced and native terrestrial vertebrates of Fiji. Pacif. Sci. 32: 223–244.

Peters, W.C.H, 1869. Säugethiere und Amphibien. In: Baron Carl Claus von der Decken's reisen in Ost-Afrika 3 (1). (ed. O. Kersten), pp. 1–18. C.F. Winter, Leipzig & Heidelberg.

Peterson, R.L., 1991. Systematic variation in the megachiropteran tube-nosed bats Nyctimene cyclotis and N. certans. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 206: 26–41.

Pettigrew, J.D., 1986. Flying primates? Megabats have the advanced pathway from eye to midbrain. Science, N.Y. 231: 1304–1306. [Link]

Pettigrew, J.D., 1991. Wings or brain? Convergent evolution in the origins of bats. Syst. Zool. 40(2): 199–216.[CrossRef]

Pettigrew, J.D., B.G.M. Jamieson, S.K. Robson, L.S. Hall, K.I. McAnally, and H.M. Cooper, 1989. Phylogenetic relations between microbats, megabats and primates (Mammalia: Chiroptera, Primates). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 325: 489–559.

Phillips, W.W.A., 1924. Guide to the mammals of Ceylon. Spolia zeylan. 13: 1–63.

Phillips, W.W.A., 1980. Manual of the mammals of Ceylon. 2nd. Edition. Wildlife and Protection Society of Sri Lanka.

Pienaar, U. de.V., I.L. Rautenbach, and G. de Graaf, 1980. The small mammals of the Kruger National Park. National Parks Board of South Africa.

Pierson, E.D., 1984. Can Australia's flying foxes survive? Bats. 1(4): 1–4. [Link]

Pierson, E.D., and W.E. Rainey, 1992. The biology of flying foxes of the genus Pteropus: a review. In: Pacific island flying foxes: Proceedings of an international conservation conference (eds. D.E. Wilson and G.L. Graham), pp. 1–17. US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 90(23). US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC. [Amazon Link]

Poche, R.M., 1975. The bats of National Park W, Niger, Africa. Mammalia 39: 39–50.

Pollock, K.H., 1981. Capture-recapture models: a review of current methods, assumptions and experimental design. In: Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds (eds. Ralph, C.J., and J.M. Scott), pp. 426–435. Studies in Avian Biology No. 6. Cooper Ornithological Society. [Link]

Pont, S.M., 1989. A survey of cave-dwelling bats on the south coast of Kenya. Report of the 1988 Aberdeen University Expedition. Laser printed, privately circulated.

Prater, S.H., 1971. The book of Indian animals. Third (revised) edition. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay. [Amazon Link]

Prociv, P., 1983. Seasonal behaviour of Pteropus scapulatus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Aust. Mamm. 6: 45–46.

Rabor, D.S., 1952. Two new mammals from Negros Island, Philippines. Chicago Acad. Sci. nat. Hist. Misc. 96: 1–7. [Amazon Link]

Rabor, D.S., 1977. Philippine birds and mammals. University of the Philippines Press, Quezon City. [Amazon Link]

Racey, P.A., 1973. Environmental factors affecting the gestation in heterothermic bats. J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl. 19: 175–189.

Racey, P.A., 1979. Two bats in the Seychelles. Oryx 15: 148–152.

Racey, P.A., and M.E. Nicoll, 1984. Mammals of the Seychelles. In: Biogeography and ecology of the Seychelle Islands. (ed. D.R. Stoddart), pp. 607–626. Junk, The Hague. [Amazon Link]

Rainey, W.E., 1990. The flying fox trade: becoming a rare commodity. Bats 8(1): 6–9. [Link]

Ratcliffe, F.N., 1931. The flying fox (Pteropus) in Australia. CSIR Bull. 53: 1–81.

Ratcliffe, F.N., 1932. Notes on the fruit bats (Pteropus spp.) of Australia J. anim. Ecol. 1: 32–57.[CrossRef]

Rautenbach, I.L., 1982. Mammals of the Transvaal. Ecoplan Monograph No. 1. Ecoplan, Pretoria, South Africa. [Amazon Link]

Recher, H.F., 1981. Nectar-feeding and its evolution among Australian vertebrates. In: Ecological biogeography of Australia. Vol. 3 (ed. A. Keast), pp. 1637–1648. Junk, The Hague. [Amazon Link]

Rensch, B., 1936. Die Geschichte des Sundabogens. Eine tiergeographische Untersuchung. Berlin.

Revilliod, P., 1914. Les mammifères de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et des Îles Loyalty. In: Nova Caledonia, Zool., I. (eds., F. Sarasin and J. Roux), pp. 341–365.

Reyne, A., 1939. On the food habits of the coconut crab (Birgus latro L), with notes on its distribution. Archs neerl. Zool. 3: 283–320.

Richards, G.C., 1983. Queensland Blossom-bat. In: The Australian Museum complete book of Australian mammals (ed. R. Strahan) pp. 289. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

Richards, G.C., 1986a. Notes on the natural history of the Queensland tube-nosed bat, Nyctimene robinsoni. Macroderma 2: 64–67.

Richards, G.C., 1986b. Dobsonia flight and ecology: more on lift at low speed. Macroderma 2: 20–21.

Richards, G.C., 1987. Aspects of the ecology of spectacled flying foxes, Pteropus conspicillatus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), in tropical Queensland. Aust. Mamm. 10: 87–88.

Richards, G.C., 1990a. The spectacled flying fox, Pteropus conspicillatus, (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), in north Queensland 1. Roost sites and distribution patterns. Aust. Mamm. 13: 17–24.

Richards, G.C., 1990b. The spectacled flying fox, Pteropus conspicillatus, (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), in north Queensland 2. Diet, seed dispersal and feeding ecology. Aust. Mamm. 13: 25–31.

Rickart, E.A., P.D Heideman, and R.B. Utzurrum, 1989, Tentroosting by Scotophilus kuhlii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Philippines. J. trop. Ecol. 5: 433–436.

Ridley, H.N., 1930. The dispersal of plants throughout the world. Reeve, Ashford. [Amazon Link]

Roberts, P., and W.A. Seabrook, 1989. A relationship between black rats (Rattus rattus), Seychelles fruit bats (Pteropus seychellensis aldabrensis) and the coccoid (Icerya seychellarum) (Insecta, Homoptera) on Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles. J. Zool., Lond. 218:, 332–334.

Roberts, T.J., 1977. The mammals of Pakistan. Ernest Benn Ltd., London and Tonbridge. [Amazon Link]

Rosevear, D.R., 1965. The bats of West Africa. British Museum (Natural History), London. [Amazon Link]

Roth, H.H., and G. Merz, 1988. Vorkommen und relative Häufigkeit von Säugetieren im Tai-Regenwald. Säugetierk. Mitt. (for 1986). 33(2–3): 171–193.

Sanborn, C.C., 1931. Bats from Polynesia, Melanesia and Malaysia. Fld Mus. nat. Hist., Zool. Ser. 18(2): 7–29.

Sanborn, C.C., 1952. Philippine zoological expedition 1946–1947. Mammals. Fieldiana Zool. 33 (2). 89–158.

Sanborn, C.C., and A.J. Nicholson, 1950. Bats from New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands, and New Hebrides. Fieldiana Zool. 31(36): 313–338.

Savidge, J.A., 1987. Extinction of an island forest avifauna by an introduced snake. Ecology, Brooklyn, N.Y. 68: 600–668. [Link]

Schlitter, D.A., and S.B. McLaren, 1981. An additional record of Myonycteris relicta Bergmans, 1980, from Tanzania (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Ann. Carneg. Mus. 50(16): 385–389.

Seehausen, O., 1990. Vom Aussterben bedroht: Der Pemba Flughund. Zool. Ges. f. Arten-und Populationsschutz 6(1): 12–16.

Seehausen, O., in press. Zur Struktur der Säugergesellschaft und zur Ökologie des Pemba-Flughundes. Zool. Ges. f. Arten- und Populationsschutz

Sherborn, C.D., 1934. Dates of publication of catalogues of natural history post-1850 issued by the British Museum. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 10(13): 308–312. [Amazon Link]

Shimojana, M., 1978. Cave fauna of Minami and Kita-daitojima Islands, and the southern part of Okinawajima Island. In: Survey report of the caves of the Okinawa Prefecture I (ed. Educational Committee of Okinawa Prefecture), pp. 75–111. Educational Committee of Okinawa Prefecture, Naha. (in Japanese).

Shiroma, H., K. Maruyama, and K. Sasaki, 1981. Some observations on Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus. Yamaaji 2: 1–3. (in Japanese).

Shoga, O.A., 1974. An analysis of the vertebrates found in ju-ju stalls at Ibadan. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan.

Shortridge, G.C., 1934. The mammals of South West Africa. Vols I & II. Heinemann, London. [Amazon Link]

Siebold, P.F. von, 1824. De Historiae Naturalis in Japonia statu. Bataviae.

Singh, B., 1986. Protected natural areas in the South Pacific. Forest Bird 17(2): 12–13.

Skinner, J.D., and R.H.N. Smithers, 1990. The mammals of the Southern African subregion 2nd edition. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.

Smalley, M.E., 1984. Predation by pied crows Corvus albus on Gambian epauletted fruit bats Epomophorus gambianus. Bull. Br. Orn. Club 104: 107–109.

Smith, D.S., and C.S. Hood, 1981. Preliminary notes on bats from the Bismarck Archipelago (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Sci. New Guin. 8: 81–121.

Smith, J.D., and G. Madkour, 1980. Penial morphology and the question of chiropteran phylogeny. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Bat Research Conference. (eds. D.E. Wilson and A.L. Gardner) pp. 347–365. Texas Tech Press, Lubbock.

Smith, L.A., 1988. Lycodon aulicus capucinus a colubrid snake introduced to Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Rec. West Aust. Mus. 14: 251–252.

Smithers, R.H.N., 1986. South African red data book: terrestrial mammals. S.A. National Scientific Programmes Report No. 125: 1–216. C.S.I.R., Pretoria. [Amazon Link]

Smithers, R.H.N., and V.J. Wilson, 1979. Check list and atlas of the mammals of Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Trustees of the National Museums and Monuments, Salisbury, Zimbabwe Rhodesia. [Amazon Link]

Snow, D.W., 1971. Evolutionary aspects of fruit-eating by birds. Ibis 113: 194–202.

Sody, H.J.V., 1936. Seventeen new generic and subspecific names for Dutch East Indian mammals. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indie 96: 42–55.

Sowler, S.G., 1984. Growth and reproduction in the fruit bat Epomophorus wahlbergi. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Natal.

Sowler, S.G., 1988a. The Israeli bat problem. Report on a visit to Israel as representative of the Species Survival Commission Chiroptera Specialist Group of the IUCN 17/3/88 - 28/3/88.

Sowler, S.G., 1988b. Report on a follow-up visit to Israel. Dates 20/ 10/88 - 31/10/88.

Spencer, H.J., and T.H. Fleming, 1989. Roosting and foraging behaviour of the Queensland tube-nosed bat, Nyctimene robinsoni (Pteropodidae): Preliminary radio-tracking observations. Aust. Wildl Res. 16: 413–420.[CrossRef]

Spitzenberger, F., 1979. Die Säugetierfauna Zyperns. Teil II: Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Carnivora und Artiodactyla. Annln naturh. Mus. Wien 82: 439–465.

Start, A.N., 1972. Pollination of the baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) by the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 10(1): 71–72.

Start, A.N., 1974. The feeding biology in relation to food sources of nectarivorous bats (Chiroptera: Macroglossinae) in Malaysia. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen.

Start, A.N., and A.G. Marshall, 1976. Nectarivorous bats as pollinators of trees in west Malaysia. In: Tropical trees: variation, breeding, and conservation (eds. J. Burley and B. Styles), pp. 141–150. Academic Press, London. [Amazon Link]

Stinson, D.W., P.O Glass, and E.M. Taisacan, 1992. Declines and trade in fruit bats on Saipan, Tinian, Aguijan and Rota. In: Pacific island flying foxes: Proceedings of an international conservation conference (eds. D.E. Wilson and G.L. Graham), pp. 61–67. US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 90(23). US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC. [Link]

Stoddart, D.R., and J.D.M. Ferrari, 1983. Aldabra atoll: a stunning success story for conservation. Nature Resources 19(1): 20–28.

Strahan, R., 1983 (ed.). The Australian Museum complete book of Australian mammals. Angus and Robertson, London, Sydney and Melbourne.

Stuart, S.N., and R.J. Adams, 1989. Biodiversity in Africa and its islands. Its conservation, management and sustainable use (first draft). International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, International Council for Bird Preservation, Conservation International, and World Wide Fund for Nature.

Takara, T., 1976. Distinguished mammals of Okinawa. In: Splendid nature of Okinawa (ed. Branch of Environmental and Public Health, Okinawa Prefectural Government), pp. 57–60. Okinawa Prefecture. (in Japanese).

Tate, G.H.H, 1934. Bats from the Pacific Islands, including a new fruit bat from Guam. Am. Mus. Novit. 713: 1–3. [Link]

Tate, G.H.H., 1942. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 48. Pteropodidae (Chiroptera) of the Archbold Collections. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 80: 331–347. [Link]

Tate, G.H.H., 1951. Harpyionycteris, a genus of rare fruit bats. Am. Mus. Novit. 1522: 1–9. [Link]

Taylor, E.H., 1934. Philippine land mammals. Monogr. Bur. Sci (Manila). 30: 1–548. [Amazon Link]

Temminck, C.J., 1825. Monographies de Mammalogie. I. Paris.

Thomas, D.W., 1982. The ecology af an African savanna fruit bat community: resource partitioning and role in seed dispersal. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen.

Thomas, D.W., 1983. The annual migrations of three species of West African fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Can. J. Zool. 61(10): 2266–2273.

Thomas, D.W., and M.B. Fenton, 1978. Notes on the dry season roosting and foraging behaviour of Epomophorus gambianus and Rousettus aegyptiacus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). J. Zool., Lond. 186: 403–406.

Thomas, D.W., and A.G. Marshall, 1984. Reproduction and growth in three species of West African fruit bats. J. Zool., Lond. 202: 265–281.

Thomas, M.O., 1900. Description of a new fruit bat from New Guinea. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7)5: 216–217.

Thomas, M.O., 1922. New mammals from New Guinea and neighbouring islands. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9)9: 261–265.

Thomas, O., 1882. Description of two new species of Pteropus from the Caroline Islands. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882: 755–757.

Thonglongya, K. 1972. A new genus and species of fruit bat from south India (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). J. Bombay. nat. Hist. Soc. 69(1): 151–158.

Thorpe, I., 1988. University of East Anglia Comoro Islands Expedition 1988, final report. Unpublished.

Thorpe, I., 1989. University of East Anglia Comoro Islands Expedition 1989, final report. Unpublished.

Tidemann, C.R., 1985. The status, habitat requirements and management of the two species of bat on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). Unpublished report of Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra.

Tidemann, C.R., 1987. Notes on the flying fox, Pteropus melanotus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Aust. Mamm. 10: 89–91.

Tidemann, C.R., 1989. Survey of the terrestrial mammals on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). Unpublished report to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra.

Tidemann, C.R., and J.E. Nelson, 1987. Flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) and bananas: some interactions. Aust. Mamm. 10: 133–136.

Tidemann, C.R., D.J. Kitchener, R.A. Zann, and I.W.B. Thornton, in press. Recolonisation of the Krakatau Islands and adjacent areas of West Java and Indonesia, by. bats (Chiroptera) (1883–1986).

Times Atlas of the World, The, 1990. 8th edition. Times Books Ltd., London. [Amazon Link]

Toledo, V.M., 1977. Pollination of seed rain forest plants by non-hovering birds in Veracrey, Mexico. Biotropica 9: 262–267.[CrossRef]

Tuttle, M.D., 1985. Gentle fliers of the African night. Natn. Geogr. Mag. 169: 540–558.

Uchida, T.A., 1963. Mammal fauna of Ryukyu Archipelago, ecological notes of Rattus and zoogeographical remarks. Rep. Comm. for. scient. Res. Kyushu Univ. 1: 117–130. (in Japanese).

Unger, F., and T. Kotschy, 1865. Die Insel Cypern ihrer physischen und organischen Natur nach mit Rücksicht auf ihre frühere Geschichte. Braumuller, Vienna.

US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; findings on two petitions and review of three species. Fed. Register 50(129): 27637–27638.

US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. Notice of findings on pending petitions. Fed. Register 53(130): 25511–25515.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, in press. Recovery plan for the Marianas fruit bat and the little Marianas fruit bat on Guam. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon.

US Fish, Wildlife Service (USFWS) and National Environmental Protection Board (Statens Naturvardsverk [SNV]). 1989. Ammendments to Appendices I and II of CITES. Transfer of Pteropus insularis. P.mariannus, P.molossinus, P.phaeocephalus, P.pilosus, P.samoensis (dead specimens and parts only) from Appendix II to Appendix I and inclusion of Acerodon spp. and Pteropus spp. in Appendix II. Proposal presented to the Seventh Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES, Lausanne, Switzerland, 8–20 October, 1990.

Utzurrum, R.B., 1984. Fig fruit consumption and seed dispersal by frugivorous bats in the primary forest of Lake Balinsasayao, Negros Oriental, Philippines. Unpublished M.S. thesis., Silliman University, Dumaguete, Philippines.

Utzurrum, R.B., and P.D. Heideman, 1991. Differential ingestion of viable vs nonviable Ficus seeds by fruit bats. Biotropica 23(3): 311–312.[CrossRef]

van der Pijl, L., 1956. Remarks on pollination by bats in the genera Freycinetia, Duabanga, and Haplophragma, and on chiropterophilly in general. Acta bot. neerl. 5: 135–144.

van der Pijl, L., 1957. The dispersal of plants by bats (chiropterchory). Acta bot. neerl. 6: 291–315.

Van Peenen, P.F.D., 1969. Preliminary identification manual for mammals of South Vietnam. US National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, City of Washington. [Link]

Vane-Wright, R.I., C.J. Humphries, and P.H. Williams, 1991. What to protect - systematics and the agony of choice. Biol. Cons. 55: 235–254.[CrossRef]

Verschuren, J., 1957. Écologie, biologie et systématique des Cheiroptères. Explor. Parc. natn. Garamba Miss. H. de Saeger 7: 1–473.

Verschuren, J., 1965. Cheiroptères. Explor. Parc. natn. Kagera, Dieux Ser. 1(2): 65–75.

Verschuren, J., 1985. Note sur les mammifères des Seychelles. Un facteur de mortalité de la rousette endémique, Pteropus seychellensis. Mammalia 49(3): 424–426.

Vestjens, W.J.M., and L.S. Hall, 1977. Stomach contents of forty-two species of bats from the Australian region. Aust. Wildl Res. 4: 25–35.[CrossRef]

Voeltzkow, A., 1904. Berichte über eine Reise nach Ost Afrika zur Untersuchung der Bildung und des Aufbaues der Riffe und Inseln des indischen westlichen Ozeans. III Mafia und Zanzibar, IV Die Comoren. Z. Ges. Erdk., Berl. 39: 274–301.

Waithman, J., 1979. A report on the collection of mammals from southwest Papua. 1972–1973. Aust. Zool. 20: 313–326.

Watson, B., 1982. Flying foxes in north Queensland. Control by carbide and strobe lights. Aust. Hort. September, 1982.

Wheeler, M.E., 1980. The status of the Marianas fruit bat on Sapian, Tinian and Rota. Elepaio 40: 109–113.

Wheeler, M.E., and C.F. Aguon, 1978. The current status and distribution of the Marianas fruit bat on Guam. Div. Aq. Wildl. Res. Tech. Rep. 1: 1–29. [Amazon Link]

White, C.M., D.J. Brimm, and F. Clunie, 1988. A study of peregrines in the Fiji Islands, South Pacific Ocean. In: Peregrine falcon populations: their management and recovery (eds. Cade, T.J., J.H. Enderson, C.G. Thelander, and C.M. White), pp. 275–288. The Peregrine Fund, Inc., Boise, Idaho. [Amazon Link]

White, G.C., D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, and D.L. Otis, 1982. Capture- recapture and removal methods for sampling closed populations. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico. [Amazon Link]

Wickler, W., and U. Seibt, 1976. Field studies of the African fruit bat Epomophorus wahlbergi (Sundevall), with special reference to male calling. Z. Tierpsychol. 40(4): 345–376.

Wiles, G.J., 1986. The current status, distribution and natural history of Marianas fruit bats. In: Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources annual report, FY 1986, pp. 111–121. Department of Agriculture, Guam.

Wiles, G.J., 1987a. The status of fruit bats on Guam. Pacif. Sci. 41: 148–157.

Wiles, G.J., 1987b. Current research and future management of Marianas fruit bats (Chiroptera; Pteropodidae) on Guam. Aust. Mamm. 10: 93–95. [Link]

Wiles, G.J., 1987c. Natural history, biology, and habitat protection for the Marianas fruit bats. In: Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources annual report, FY 1987, pp. 124–135. Department of Agriculture, Guam.

Wiles, G.J., 1988. Natural history, biology and habitat protection for the Marianas fruit bat. In: Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources annual report, FY 1988, pp. 122–123. Department of Agriculture, Guam.

Wiles, G.J., 1990. Giving flying foxes a second chance. Bats 8(3): 3–4. [Link]

Wiles, G.J., 1992. Recent trends in the fruit bat trade on Guam. In: Pacific island flying foxes: Proceedings of an international conservation conference (eds. D.E. Wilson and G.L. Graham), pp. 53–60. US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 90(23). US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC. [Amazon Link]

Wiles, G.J., and , P.J. Conry. 1990. Terrestrial vertebrates of the Ngerukewid Islands Wildlife Preserve, Palau Islands. Micronesica 23: 41–66.

Wiles, G.J., Engbring, J. and M.V.C. Falanruw., 1991. Population status and natural history of Pteropus mariannus on Ulithi Atoll, Caroline Islands. Pacif. Sci. 45(1): 76–84.

Wiles, G.J., and M.S. Fujita, 1992. Food plants and economic importance of flying foxes on Pacific islands. In: Pacific island flying foxes: Proceedings of an international conservation conference (eds. D.E. Wilson and G.L. Graham), pp. 24–35. US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 90(23). US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC. [Amazon Link]

Wiles, G.J., and P.O. Glass, 1990. Interisland movements of fruit bats (Pteropus mariannus) in the Mariana Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. 343: 1–6. [Link]

Wiles, G.J., T.O. Lemke, and N.H. Payne, 1989. Population estimates of fruit bats (Pteropus mariannus) in the Mariana Islands. Cons. Biol. 3: 66–76.[CrossRef]

Wiles, G.J., and N.H. Payne, 1986. The trade in fruit bats, Pteropus spp. on Guam and other Pacific islands. Biol. Cons. 38: 143–161.[CrossRef]

Williams, P.H., C.J. Humphries, and R.I. Vane-Wright, 1991. Measuring biodiversity: taxonomic relatedness for conservation priorities. Aust. Syst. Bot. 4: 665–679.[CrossRef]

Williams, P.H., R.I. Vane-Wright, and C.J. Humphries, in press. Measuring biodiversity for choosing conservation areas. In: Hymenoptera and biodiversity (eds. J. LaSalle and I. Gould). CAB International, Wallingford. [Amazon Link]

Wilson, D.E., 1990. Pacific flying foxes surveyed. Endangered Spec. tech. Bull. 15: 4. [Link]

Wilson, D.E., and G.L. Graham, (eds), 1992. Pacific island flying foxes: proceedings of an international conservation conference. US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 90(23). US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC. [Amazon Link]

Wilson, J., 1987 (ed.). The Crocodile Caves of Ankarana: Expedition to Northern Madagascar, 1 86. Cave Sci. 14(3): 107–119.

Wilson, P., 1985. Does Dobsonia (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) have a fling? Macroderma 1: 53–55.

Wodzicki, K., and H. Felten, 1975. The peka, or fruit bat (Pteropus tonganus) (Mammalia: Chiroptera), of Niue Island, South Pacific. Pacif. Sci. 29: 131–138.

Wodzicki, K., and H. Felten, 1980. Fruit bats of the genus Pteropus from the islands Rarotonga and Mangaia, Cook Islands, Pacific Ocean. Senckenberg. biol. 61: 143–151.

Wolf, D.E., 1984. Ayers' hawk eagle Hieraaetus dubius feeding on a fruit bat. Scopus 8: 44.

Wolton, R.J., P.A. Arak, H.C.J. Godfray, and R.P. Wilson, 1982. Ecological and behavioural studies of the Megachiroptera at Mount Nimba, Liberia, with notes on Microchiroptera. Mammalia 46(4): 419–448.

Worcester, D.C., 1899. The Philippine islands and their people. Macmillan Co., New York. [Amazon Link]

Yamagata, Y., 1929. On a fruit bat in Kagoshima Prefecture. Lasania 1: 130–139. (in Japanese).

Yaman, I.K.A., 1966. Insect pests of Saudi Arabia. Z. angew. Entomol. 58: 266–278.

Yang, S.F., 1981. Biosynthesis of ethylene and its regulation. In: Recent advances in the biochemistry of fruits and vegetables. (eds. Friend, J, and M.J.C. Rhodes) pp. 89–106. Academic Press, London.

Yenbutra, S., and H. Felten, 1986. Bat species and their distribution in Thailand according to the collections in TISTR and SMF. Cour. ForschInst. Senckenberg 87: 9–45.

Yerbury, J.W., and O. Thomas, 1895. On the mammals of Aden. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895: 542–555.

Yoshiyuki, M., 1989. A systematic study of the Japanese Chiroptera. National Science Museum, Tokyo. [Amazon Link]

Ziegler, A.C., 1982. An ecological checklist of New Guinea recent mammals. In: Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea (ed. J.L. Gressitt) pp. 863–894. Junk, The Hague. [Amazon Link]


< previous section  < index >  next section >